This descent of the uterine lining, commonly referred to as menstruation, is routine in people with female reproductive machinery. There comes a time when this might not happen as one would expect it to. Although most females who’ve experienced a missed period attribute its cause to pregnancy, there are other determining factors too. This paper will discuss five reasons you might not be getting your period besides the obvious.
1. Stress
Stress is a common and often overlooked factor that can affect the regularity of the menstrual cycle. When a person experiences stress, their body responds by releasing cortisol, a hormone designed to help the body respond to stressful situations. However, high levels of cortisol can disrupt the production and balance of other hormones in the body, including those responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle (Matthews, 2017).
Specifically, cortisol can interfere with the normal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, the system responsible for releasing the hormones needed for menstruation. As a result, women may experience irregular periods, missed periods, or even complete cessation of menstruation (amenorrhea) (Lifestyle factors and menstrual cycle disturbances, 2016).
Moreover, stress can lead to changes in eating habits and weight, both of which can also impact menstrual cycles. It is well established that low body weight and rapid weight loss can disrupt menstruation by reducing the levels of estrogen in the body (Frisch & McArthur, 1974). Therefore, women who are experiencing high levels of stress and associated changes in eating behavior may be at increased risk of menstrual irregularities.
2. Excessive Exercise
Regular exercise is beneficial for overall health and can help regulate menstrual cycles. However, excessive exercise or sudden intense workouts can have the opposite effect. When the body is under physical stress, it may prioritize energy towards other bodily functions, causing a decrease in estrogen levels and a disruption in the menstrual cycle (De Souza, Crawford, & Constantini, 2010).
This phenomenon is commonly seen in athletes, dancers, and those who engage in intense physical training, and is often referred to as the female athlete triad (FAT). FAT is a syndrome characterized by three interrelated components: menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability, and low bone density (De Souza et al., 2010).
Excessive exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction occurs as a result of the body’s inability to maintain the hormonal balance needed for regular menstruation. Specifically, excessive exercise can lead to a decrease in estrogen levels, which is necessary to maintain the regular shedding of the uterine lining (De Souza et al., 2010).
3. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting approximately 10 million women worldwide (Mayo Clinic, 2022). It is caused by an imbalance in the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which can prevent ovulation and lead to missed periods. The condition is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts on the ovaries, excessive hair growth, acne, and weight gain. PCOS can also lead to long-term health complications, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease.
It is important for individuals experiencing irregular periods to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthy diet, as well as medication to regulate hormone levels and restore ovulation.
4. Thyroid Problems
The thyroid gland plays a critical role in regulating hormone levels in the body. When the thyroid gland is underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism), it can cause a disruption in the menstrual cycle. An underactive thyroid can lead to missed or irregular periods, while an overactive thyroid can cause light or infrequent periods.
Hypothyroidism is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and mood swings, while hyperthyroidism can cause symptoms such as nervousness, irritability, and sudden weight loss. It is important for individuals experiencing menstrual irregularities to be screened for thyroid problems, as proper diagnosis and treatment can help regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent long-term health complications.
5. Birth Control
While birth control is an effective method of preventing pregnancy, it can also cause changes in the menstrual cycle. Hormonal birth control methods, such as the pill, patch, or shot, work by altering hormone levels in the body to prevent ovulation. This can lead to lighter or even absent periods. Additionally, some birth control methods, such as the hormonal IUD, can cause periods to stop altogether. It is important to discuss any changes in your menstrual cycle with your healthcare provider if you are using birth control.
In conclusion, causes of missing one’s periods, excluding the obvious one of pregnancy, can be many. Some may include stress, excessive exercise, hormonal imbalances, thyroid issues, and birth control. It is advisable to consult a doctor in both missed and irregular periods to find out the exact cause and undertake appropriate treatment. What may seem normal to another person won’t be for everyone. All you need to do is listen to your body and act accordingly by seeking medical advice whenever necessary.
